It’s fixed!The image was not being displayed because slash (/) was missing in “wordpress-social-loginassets”. I followed these steps to fix it:
– in HMWP start tab, clicked on “reset settings to wp” button
– in HMWP Start Tab, selected “Medium Privacy – More Compatibility” scheme and saved the settings
– in Permalink & URLs tab, set “rename plugins” option to “all plugins”
– in replace tools tab, added following replacement under ‘replace in html” option:
wordpress-social-loginassets ==> d2396346/assets
(d2396346 is encrypted name for wordpress-social-login; and can be found in htaccess file)